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Extra info for Structural Elements for Architects and Builders: Design of columns, beams, and tension elements in wood, steel, and reinforced concrete

Sample text

Because the far force, FAC, is inclined, it is convenient to draw and label its horizontal and vertical component forces, x and y. Using the equations of vertical and horizontal equilibrium, we can find these component forces directly: ΣFy ϭ 10 ϩ y ϭ 0, from which y ϭ –10 kips; ΣFx ϭ 15 ϩ x ϭ 0, from which x ϭ –15 kips. In both cases, the negative sign indicates that our initial assumption of tension was incorrect; the bar force is actually in compression, as one would expect in such an arch. 2.

Notice that as the tributary area gets larger (and the likelihood of the full live load being present decreases), the live load reduction increases. 5 Live load reduction coefficient graph There are a few obvious exceptions to the rules governing live load reductions, most importantly for structural elements supporting large areas that are expected to be fully loaded. , in places of public assembly or in garages), no live load reduction is allowed. Additionally, reductions are restricted for one- and two-way slabs since the failure mode of such slabs is not directly a function of tributary area, but rather corresponds more closely to any given “strip” within which reinforcing bars are placed.

Moments about the y-axis cause bending (but bending perpendicular to the twodimensional plane); moments about the x-axis cause twisting or torsion. These types of three-dimensional structural behaviors are beyond the scope of this discussion. Internal shear forces and bending moments in beams Where the only external forces acting on beams are perpendicular to a simply supported beam’s longitudinal axis, no axial forces can be present. 27 Internal shear and axial forces and internal bending moment examples show how internal shear forces and bending moments can be computed along the length of the beam.

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