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Extra resources for Pollutant Effects in Fresh Waters: Applied Limnology, 3rd Edition

Example text

11). The meaning of ‘large’ must be defined in relation to the latitude, as the Coriolis parameter, f, is defined as: f ¼ 2 sin  ð3:14Þ where  ¼ angular velocity of the earth and  ¼ latitude. The Coriolis force is directed perpendicular to the right of the motion in the Northern Hemisphere and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere. The effect of the Coriolis force increases with latitude and is zero at the equator. By using the definition of the Coriolis parameter, it is possible to calculate the radius of the inertia circle: r¼ u f ð3:15Þ where u ¼ water velocity.

For turbulent motion, eddy viscosity is much larger than the molecular viscosity so the shear stress is often written as:  ¼" d" u dz ð3:3Þ where " ¼ eddy viscosity and it represents a time average of the velocity, where the averaging interval is significantly longer than the time scale of the turbulent fluctuations in velocity. The magnitude of physical processes in water bodies greatly depends on the movement of the water. If the water is moving fast enough, as in some rivers, it is often impossible for a (gravity) wave to travel upstream.

G. a salinity gradient) in a portion of the water mass. In those rare cases, lakes are termed meromictic and a very atypical temperature gradient occurs. Dimictic and monomictic lakes permanently stratify during summer, while polymictic lakes stratify for short periods or not at all. Whether a lake stratifies thermally depends primarily on depth and wind. Considering that the area of a lake, and thus the wind fetch, is an index of wind energy, the depth necessary is a function of area. Gorham and Boyce (1989) evaluated a group of North American lakes, some that permanently stratified and some that did not, and found a line for the maximum depth that represented a threshold for stratification that increased with area.

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