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Extra resources for Phytopharmaceuticals in Cancer Chemoprevention

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The recurrence may be in the same location as the original tumor or in a different location. Once a stage is assigned and treatment given, the stage is never changed. The important thing about staging is that it determines the appropriate treatment, provides a prognosis, and allows for comparison of treatment results between different treatments. 3 Note that the values presented in this chapter are estimates and are offered as a guide and should be interpreted with caution. 1 INCIDENCE AND MORTALITY Cancer incidence refers to the number of new cases of cancer diagnosed in a given year, and the incidence rate is usually expressed as the number of new cancers diagnosed per year per 100,000 persons at risk.

4. C. , Initial sequencing and analysis of the human genome, Nature, 409 (6822), 860–921, 2001. 5. , DNA methylation de novo, Science, 286 (5448), 2287–2288, 1999. 6. , Suppression of intestinal neoplasia by DNA hypomethylation, Cell, 81, 197– 205, 1995. 7. , 56, 722–727, 1996. 8. , 61, 8611–8616, 2001. 9. , Induction of tumors in mice by genomic hypomethylation, Science, 300, 489–492, 2003. 10. , 20 (8), 1963–1973, 2001. Role of DNA methylation in cancer 29 11. , Drug-induced DNA hypermethylation: a potential mediator of acquired drug resistance during cancer chemotherapy, Mutat.

2 to 2kb that are mostly found near the transcription start site of almost 60% of the promoters in human genes. They generally exist in an unmethylated state except for those genes located in inactive X-chromosomes of the female and/or silenced alleles of imprinted genes. 5 A change in the methylation pattern of CpG islands alters the expression and transcriptional activity of critical genes involved in carcinogenesis and chemotherapy, leading to abnormal phenotypes by epigenetic mechanisms. Epigenetic processes affect gene expression by evoking changes in DNA methylation and histone modification (acetylation), but they do not alter nucleotide sequences in genomic DNA.

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