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Extra info for Equations of State and PVT Analysis, Second Edition: Applications for Improved Reservoir Modeling

Example text

23. n Greenish to orange in color. 24 A typical liquid-shrinkage curve for a volatile crude oil. Solution gas released from a volatile oil contains significant quantities of stock-tank liquid (condensate) when the solution gas is produced at the surface. Solution gas from black oils usually is considered “dry,” yielding insignificant stock-tank liquid when produced to surface conditions. For engineering calculations, the liquid content of released solution gas perhaps is the most important distinction between volatile oils and black oils.

The uncertainty in the location of the fluid contacts can have a significant impact on the reserves estimate. Contacts can be determined by 1. Electrical logs, such as resistively tools. 2. Pressure measurements, such as a repeat formation tester (RFT) or a modular formation dynamic tester (MDT). 3. Possibly by interpreting seismic data. Normally, unless a well penetrates a fluid contact directly, there remains doubt as to its locations. The RFT is a proprietary name used by Schlumberger for an open-hole logging tool used to establish vertical pressure distribution in the reservoir (ie, it provides a pressure-depth profile in the reservoir) and to obtain fluid samples.

22. 3. Volatile crude oil: The phase diagram for a volatile (high-shrinkage) crude oil is given in Fig. 23. Note that the quality lines are close together near the bubble point, and at lower pressures they are more widely spaced. 21 A typical phase diagram for a low-shrinkage oil. 22 Oil-shrinkage curve for low-shrinkage oil. 23 A typical p-T diagram for a volatile crude oil. immediately below the bubble point, shown in Fig. 24. 5 bbl/STB. n GORs between 2000 and 3000 scf/STB. n Oil gravities between 45° and 55° API.

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