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Extra info for Water quality assessments : a guide to the use of biota, sediments, and water in environmental monitoring

Example text

The major point sources of pollution to freshwaters originate from the collection and discharge of domestic wastewaters, industrial wastes or certain agricultural activities, such as animal husbandry. Most other agricultural activities, such as pesticide spraying or fertiliser application, are considered as diffuse sources. 5 13 Potential pollutant pathways related to the aquatic environment out of pollutants also leads to diffuse pollution of the aquatic environment. 7. Atmospheric sources The atmosphere is proving to be one of the most pervasive sources of pollutants to the global environment.

Ultimately pollutants reach the aquatic environment through a variety of pathways, including the atmosphere and the soil. 5 illustrates, in schematic form, the principal pathways of pollutants that influence freshwater quality. Pollution may result from point sources or diffuse sources (non-point sources). There is no clear-cut distinction between the two, because a diffuse source on a regional or even local scale may result from a large number of individual point sources, such as automobile exhausts.

If they are not successful, water quality degradation becomes a major concern and early warning monitoring might have to be installed. This type of monitoring is often used at drinking water intakes to warn of upstream, accidental pollution events. 4 Design of assessment programmes Once the objectives have been clearly identified, four steps are essential in the good design of an assessment programme: (i) the selection of the appropriate media to sample, (ii) the determination of water quality variability through preliminary surveys, (iii) the integration of hydrological and water quality monitoring, and (iv) the periodic review and modification of the design of the programme.

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