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Extra resources for Silos: Fundamentals of theory, behaviour and design

Example text

It has to be mentioned that most bulk solids behave anisotropically. The flow function as the dependence of the unconfined yield strength σc on the major consolidation stress σ1 (at steady-state flow) can only be determined using testers where both stress states can be realized. Steady-state flow can be realized in Jenike’s tester, in annular shear cells, in a torsional shear cell, in the true biaxial shear tester and in a very specialized triaxial cell (Schwedes and Schulze, 1990). The unconfined yield strength σc can be determined by running tests in Jenike’s tester, in an annular shear cell Page 12 (Schulze, 1994), in uniaxial testers and in the true biaxial shear tester.

The Mohr circle will be smaller. As a result density ρb and unconfined yield strength σc will also be smaller compared to the yield locus gained with shear tests (Schwedes and Schulze, 1990). 2) or uniaxial compression (Fig. 3)—can be realized is the true biaxial shear tester (Schwedes and Schulze, 1990; Harder, 1986; Nowak, 1994) (Fig. 4). The sample is constrained in the lateral x- and y-directions by four steel plates. Vertical deformations of the Page 9 Fig. 4 True biaxial shear tester. sample are restricted by rigid top and bottom plates.

A workshop at Delft allowed identification of potential contributors. At later workshops at Paris and Braunschweig, and through correspondence, researchers and specialists from industry presented their findings for group discussion. When key aspects had been identified, the separate contributions to the state of the art were then written by contributors from that specialist area. These contributions are collected here. Some authors have listened more than others to group opinions and the working styles of the groups have also been somewhat different, resulting in contributions of very different nature.

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