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Additional resources for Petroleum and Gas Field Processing (Marcel Dekker Chemical Industries)

Sample text

It is essential to have clean perforations with relatively large diameters and deep penetrations to achieve high well productivity. Further, perforating should be done only through the clean and productive zones within the formation, as determined from the formation evaluation logs. Therefore, extreme care is taken in locating the perforating gun at the right locations. The selection of the type of perforating gun, explosive charges, and completion fluid and the control of the pressure in the well at the time of perforating are very important elements in achieving effective and productive perforations.

2. Steam Flooding: This method is similar to the water-flooding process, except that steam is used instead of water. The steam is injected into an injection well to reduce the oil viscosity while the condensed steam (hot water) displaces the oil toward the producing wells. 3. In Situ Combustion: In this process, air is injected into the formation through an injection well under conditions that initiate ignition of the oil within the nearby formation. The combustion zone creates a front of distilled oil, steam, and gases.

Again, adding polymers to the water to create favorable mobility conditions could increase the flooding effectiveness. In this case, the method can be called surfactant– polymer flooding. Caustic Flooding: This method is essentially a surfactant flooding, with the surfactant being generated within the reservoir rather than being injected. The method is applicable in situations where the reservoir oil contains high concentrations of natural acids, which can react with alkaline to produce surfactants.

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