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Additional resources for Earth Pressure and Earth-Retaining Structures, Third Edition

Example text

For very rapid excavations in uniform plastic clays) for the life of a temporary structure. Soil stiffness parameters—soil stiffness will be required for analyses of wall and ground displacements, typically carried out using finite difference or finite element computer code (see Chapter 8), and for foundation settlement prediction. Soil stiffness values can be obtained from in situ tests, from laboratory tests, or from back-analysis of similar structures in similar ground conditions. vi. In situ horizontal stress profile—when computer analysis involves constitutive soil models based upon both elasticity and plasticity, it will be necessary to have a detailed knowledge of soil stiffness, effective strength parameters, and the initial in situ horizontal stress.

For a retaining wall, differences in overall stress distribution (as well as the stress at a particular section of the wall) will have an effect on the wall displacements. Nonetheless, the evidence suggests that these relatively simple models can give good estimates of the deformed shape of embedded walls, their prop or anchor loads, and shear force and bending moment distributions. g. for multi-propped embedded retaining walls, such as those originally constructed for the World Trade Center in New York, where the depth to rockhead was highly variable.

1%. 8 shows the effect of loading path direction on the stiffness measured on a specimen of London clay. In the inset box, the loading paths are shown in MIT (t = (σ1 − σ 3 ) / 2, s ′ = ( σ1′ + σ 3′ ) / 2) stress space. It can be seen that loading toward triaxial compression (labelled 1) produces much less reduction than loading toward extension (labelled 2). Results such as these show that the stiffness of soil is stress-path dependent, and that if better accuracy of movement prediction is required, it is necessary to mimic in the laboratory the loading paths to be applied in the field.

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