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Additional info for Construction Materials: Their Nature and Behaviour

Sample text

11. e. more and more plastic deformation, but no failure in the sense of cracking or breakdown of structure. 5) increasing. Tests can therefore easily reach the capacity of the test machine. g. concrete. This results from a very different cracking and failure mechanism. Cracking is a pulling apart of two surfaces, and therefore occurs by the action of a tensile strain. In uni-axial compressive loading, the strains 22 Fig. 12 Multiple crack pattern in a brittle material in compression leading to higher strength than in tension.

Both Cu and Ni have well defined unique melting (or freezing) temperatures but the alloy solidifies over the temperature range BC; metallurgists often speak of the ‘pasty range’. We now need to examine several matters in more detail. First, the solid crystals that form are what is known as a ‘solid solution’. Cu and Ni are chemically similar elements and both, when pure, form facecentred cubic crystals (see Chapter 3). In this case, a 50:50 alloy is also composed of face-centred cubic crystals but each lattice site has a 50:50 chance of being occupied by a Cu atom or a Ni atom.

18 Poisson’s ratio, υ = −εy /εx = −εz /εx Fig. 5 Definition of Poisson’s ratio. e. it is isotropic) and therefore there is a single value of each elastic constant for any direction of loading. e. g. timber, will have different values of E, G and u in each direction, and clearly the direction and well as the value itself must then be stated. 3 Relationships between the elastic constants The four elastic constants that we have now defined, E, G, u and K, might at first glance seem to describe different aspects of behaviour.

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