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31 000 ha (c. 120 BP) Dominated 63% of sites (125 000 BP) c. 45 km2 (c. 2 gC m−2 per year (c. 3m c. 1 per ha 1 million 14 000 c. 11 000 ha Extirpated Extirpated 70 gC m−2 per year 90% of cores Note: See Fig. 15 for linkage between overfishing and impacts. BP = years before present. Source: Jackson et al. Science 293 (2001), 629–638. There has been a recent upsurge in hunting as a serious threat to many species, as part of the growing trade in ‘bushmeat’ (wild game). Bushmeat is a traditional local food, but is also now being traded over great distances, and used by a greater total number of people – including urban populations in the same country or overseas.

2 gC m−2 per year (c. 3m c. 1 per ha 1 million 14 000 c. 11 000 ha Extirpated Extirpated 70 gC m−2 per year 90% of cores Note: See Fig. 15 for linkage between overfishing and impacts. BP = years before present. Source: Jackson et al. Science 293 (2001), 629–638. There has been a recent upsurge in hunting as a serious threat to many species, as part of the growing trade in ‘bushmeat’ (wild game). Bushmeat is a traditional local food, but is also now being traded over great distances, and used by a greater total number of people – including urban populations in the same country or overseas.

1 and Fig. 4. There is evidence that excessive consumption of resources has happened in a number of human societies, leading to population declines and leaving a greatly impoverished natural environment. Within the Americas, parts of the populations of the Maya, the Inca, and the Pueblo Indians may have collapsed after overuse of resources rendered them sensitive to low crop yields in periods of adverse climate, whilst the Anastasi may have run out of wood. Human ingenuity and technology have permitted switching between resources, and extirpation or extinction of one resource species does not immediately lead to density-dependent feedback.

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