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Additional info for Complexity in Landscape Ecology (Landscape Series)

Example text

Two sites are directly connected if one belongs to the neighbourhood of the other. e. a path or “stepping stones”) in which each pair of points is directly connected. Before we go any further, let us be clear about what exactly we mean by the word “connected” in ecological terms. Two objects are “connected” if some pattern or process links them. Dingoes, for instance, are linked to kangaroos because they prey on them. The most important sources of connectivity for plants and animals are associated with landscapes.

These assumptions have a bearing on the properties that emerge and on the validity of any conclusions that we might draw from models. Let's start with location. To indicate any point in space, we use its coordinates. Latitude denotes its deviation (north or south) from the equator; longitude denotes its deviation (east or west) from the Greenwich meridian. Finally, elevation denotes the height of the point above mean sea level. As just indicated, the reference points for the coordinates, where the coordinates take the value of zero, are the equator, the town of Greenwich, England, and mean sea level.

Figure 2-9). Fish swim in schools, and zebras move in herds. g. avoiding predators) 32 CHAPTER 2 that biologists have observed (Reynolds 1987). For instance, when attacked by a predator, a school of fish will perform a number of kinds of manoeuvres such as splitting and reforming, as the predator passes through their centre (Figure 2-10). Reynolds' boids model showed that observed patterns of this kind could be produced by simple rules governing the behaviour of individuals and the way they interact with other animals nearby.

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