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Html. 3 A vacuum distillation unit. html. overhead products and the asphalt remains as a bottom (or residual) product. 2). 3). At this stage the asphalt is frequently and incorrectly referred to as pitch and has a softening point related to the amount of oil removed: the more oil distilled from the residue, the higher the softening point. , 2007; Speight, 2014). 1 Properties of Atmospheric and Vacuum Residua Feedstock Gravity Sulfur API (wt. %) Nitrogen (wt. %) Nickel (ppm) Vanadium (ppm) Asphaltenes (heptane) (wt.

The Asphalt Institute, Lexington, KY. Asphalt Institute, 2003. Superpave Performance Graded Asphalt Binder Specification and Testing (SP-1). Asphalt Institute, Lexington, KY. ASTM D243, 2014. Standard test method for residue of specified penetration Annual Book of Standards. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA. ASTM D5, 2014. Standard test method for penetration of bituminous materials Annual Book of Standards. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA. ASTM D946, 2014. Standard specification for penetration-graded asphalt cement for use in pavement construction Annual Book of Standards.

By inference, heavy oil can be recovered from a reservoir using enhanced recovery techniques, while conventional crude oil does not require enhanced recovery techniques for recovery. On an international note, the bitumen in tar sand deposits represents a potentially large supply of energy, as well as asphalt. However, many of the reserves are available only with some difficulty and optional refinery scenarios will be necessary for conversion of these materials to liquid products because of the substantial differences in character between conventional petroleum and tar sand bitumen and the high potential for coke production and fouling during processing (Speight, 2014).

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