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Extra info for War Paths, Peace Paths: An Archaeology of Cooperation and Conflict in Native Eastern North America (Issues in Eastern Woodlands Archaeology)

Example text

As is the case with Fry, Kelly also employs a comparative ethnographic analysis of simple foragers to isolate distinctive features of peaceful hunter-gatherers. He notes that the frequency of warfare is low among unsegmented mobile foragers and high among mobile and seminomadic segmental hunter-gatherers. War councils, formal forums for overseeing military operations, also brought improvement in the command structure. Held to discuss tactics and strategies, war councils depended on wise council from priests, intelligence from spies, and military advice from experienced warriors.

Local groups tend to be either acephalous, village-sized units or intergroup collectivities, which are larger groups integrated by regional networks of exchange and headed by charismatic leaders whose power is achieved on the basis of personal abilities. The acephalous local group has a population density greater than that of the family-level hearth. It usually forms a village or community of hamlets composed of some one hundred to two hundred people, often subdivided into segmented social units such as clans or lineages.

Eastern North American societies were historically linked and interdependent upon 22 f Chapter Two one another. Social change is seen from the perspective of environment, culture, and human agency. Evolutionary sequences need not be unilineal or gradualist, but can and should incorporate historically contingent processes. “No single local or regional chronological sequence can be expected to validate a ‘model’ of social evolution” (McElrath et al. 2000:10). How do we assess a group’s interaction in a regional context?

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