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Extra resources for The roots of dependency: subsistence, environment, and social change among the Choctaws, Pawnees, and Navajos

Example text

Culture here controlled economics. Understanding change involves, not finding the invisible hand of economic interests, but rather finding the reciprocal influences of culture, politics, economics, and the environment. For the Indians, the result of these changes was dependency. The idea of dependency has become fashionable in the last fifteen years. First developed by Third World scholars working in or on Latin America and Africa, dependency theory gradually became more and more influential among social scientists, particularly political scientists, who were attracted by its emphasis on international relations.

Force was rarely employed for its own sake; it served other interests. The threat of force merely expedited the working of more elementary factorspolitical, economic, and cultural. Force often explains how change took place; it does not explain why it took place. A more fundamental cause which emerges from an analysis of the histories of these peoples is the attempt, not always successful or consistent, by whites to bring Indian resources, land, and labor into the market. This unifying thread not only stitches together the histories of these nations, but within these histories, it also connects the environmental and social changes of each of the individual societies.

1 Implicit in this view is the idea that any mixed hunting-horticultural economy is merely a transitional step between full hunting and gathering and full agriculture. In the standard materialist scenario, agriculture develops because of the depletion of game and, once developed, encourages larger populations which in turn put greater pressure on the remaining game animals. This population Page 17 growth also necessitates a further expansion of agriculture until eventually game is only a minimal part of the diet or a luxury food.

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