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Additional info for Native Americans and the Environment: Perspectives on the Ecological Indian

Example text

2 My most general conclusion is that the rhetoric implicit in the image of the Ecological Indian masks complex and differing realities. Specific conclusions on the fit between image and behavior with respect to ecology, conservation, and other topics were mixed. To begin with, there were probably no more than 4 to 7 million people in North America on the eve of the arrival of Europeans. 1 million in Virginia (and only 500,000 in Wyoming). Imagine the population of Colorado or Virginia scattered to the continent’s winds and you might begin to imagine how often you would encounter other 4 | shepard krech iii human beings.

One group caused the local extinction of fruit trees by cutting them down—because only slaves climb trees, they said, to pick fruit, and they no longer had slaves, but they did have axes (Alvard 1993, 1994; Hames 1987, 1991; FitzGibbon 1998). This research also shows that when Amazonian indigenous people have taken actions contradicting their image as Ecological Indians—an image both they and various outsiders have promoted—they have incurred the wrath of international conservationists and environmentalists (as the Kayapos did when they engineered gold mining and timber harvests on their lands rather than fulfilling the goals of the international conservation community) and risked action against their claims or hopes for sovereign control over their lands.

2005. Transcending the debate over the ecologically noble Indian: Indigenous peoples and environmentalism. Ethnohistory 52:291–332. Ortner, Sherry. 1973. On key symbols. American Anthropologist 75:1338–76. Ostler, Jeffrey. 1999. “They regard their passing as Wakan”: Interpreting western Sioux explanations for the bison’s decline. Western Historical Quarterly 30 (Winter): 475–97. Smith, Sherry L. 2000. Reimagining Indians: Native Americans through Anglo eyes, 1880–1940. New York: Oxford University Press, 2000.

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