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Extra resources for Extreme Events: A Physical Reconstruction and Risk Assessment

Example text

Layers of sand and gravel are also present within otherwise clay rich organic sediments or peats in a Pino palm swamp in the area. These coarse-grained sediments are assumed to have been transported into the swamp by surface water. As the swamp does not receive coarse-grained particles during modern heavy rain events, the sand and gravel layers were probably deposited during extreme erosional events. Charles-Dominique et al. (1998) argue that these events could only have occurred following extensive deforestation due to palaeofires as the 30--45 m high stratified vegetation canopy and dense mat of surface roots protect the forest floor from the impacts of heavy rains and surface erosion.

A sudden increase in the abundance of pioneer species in a pollen record for example suggests that the forest light conditions changed rapidly which may be suggestive of the death of many mature trees during an extreme event. If the region is not prone to strong winds from tropical cyclones or tornadoes, then changes in precipitation may be inferred as a possible cause. Pollen records, therefore, can be used to identify these events and the severity of the event may be registered by the extent of the change in the record over time and area.

They found a remarkable subdecadal record of lake level variations that clearly shows a dramatic change in drought regime after AD 1200. 6. , 2000). dominated the region. After this time, few severe droughts are apparent in the record. Charcoal layers Charcoal layers found in sediments are often a reflection of severe bushfires. If humans can be eliminated as the cause of these fires then it is likely that they occurred in response to drier than normal conditions. If the environment is one that is normally quite moist and rainforest or other humid climate vegetation usually exists, then the charcoal layers may be indicative of episodes of severe climatic drying and hence droughts.

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