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While the bacteria polysaccharides appear as inert organic compounds in water, they are not completely inert, breaking down very slowly over time. Normal bacteria stains react with the lipid and the protein portions of the cell walls, but do not react with the polysaccharide portion of the cell walls. The bacteria capsules and accumulated slime materials require special stains to demonstrate their presence in microscopic slides. Alcian Blue 8GN150, a cotton textile dye, has proven to be a reasonable stain for bacteria polysaccharides.

RNA and DNA are mixtures of pentose sugars, phosphates, purines, and pyrimidine. The lipids are long chain fatty acids that tend to be combined with proteins into lipoprotein complexes and with the polysaccharides into lipopolysaccharides. The polysaccharides are hexose sugars that are polymerized with the loss of water between two hexose molecules. It is important to realize that many hexose sugars contain amino nitrogen, forming amino polysaccharides. Originally, the organic nitrogen in bacteria was assumed to be associated only with proteins.

There is no way to obtain the absolute chemical composition of the bacteria since every measurement is subject to errors. It is possible to obtain reasonable measurements of the major components of bacteria. Complete balances can only be made by direct determination of every major chemical parameter. Needless to say, determining all major parameters but one allows material balances to always balance from a mathematical point of view. Unfortunately, the errors will not be properly recognized and the results may be less than desired.

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