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Additional info for Turning Points - Actual and Alternate Histories: Native America from Prehistory to First Contact (Turning Points-Actual and Alternate Histories)

Sample text

Conceivably there might have been Athapascan bands that split off and went even farther south, through the jungles into Central America and beyond, into the mountain ranges of South America. In South America they would have met, intermarried, and traded with, and perhaps fought with the Polynesians. On the east coast of Mexico and Central America, we would see the same pattern with AfroPhoenicians, and farther north on the east coast of North America, the Euro-Phoenicians. With different technology and warfare traditions that fall somewhere between Europeans and Native Americans in the degree to which they practiced total warfare, Polynesian Americans and Phoenician Americans would have had more success against Europeans and less susceptibility to disease.

The Native peoples began to fight among themselves; some wanted peace while others wanted to continue to fight. In September 1858, at the Battle of Four Lakes near Spokane, the Native Americans were defeated. Kamiakin eventually fled to Canada. A Native-American Pacific Northwest? 31 IN CONTEXT Oregon (Continued) south of the Columbia in the 1840s, however, the English position weakened. In 1844, Democratic candidate James K. Polk ran on an openly expansionist doctrine. Hoping to win northern support for a plan to admit Texas to the Union as a slave state, he held out for settling the Oregon question.

It is entirely possible that Spaniards returning home would have brought new illnesses originally from Africa that would have reduced Europe’s population as much as the bubonic plague had—by one-quarter to one-third. Such a catastrophe would have halted European invasion for two generations at least. Farther north, after a prolonged delay of several generations, the English and French would still have invaded North America. But Europeans also would have faced alliances between Euro-Phoenicians, Afro-Phoenicians, and the Native allies of both.

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