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Extra info for Transformer-Based Design Techniques for Oscillators and Frequency Dividers

Example text

However, if M1/2 in the class-C VCO enters the deep triode region, the current waveforms are no longer narrow pulses as shown in Fig. 23c, so the current efficiency β in turn drops. Even worse, the low Q tail capacitor will load the tank and degrade the phase noise severely. According to Fig. 22b, the maximum differential output amplitude Vo that still keeps M1(M2) in the saturation region can be calculated as Vo VDD À VB þ Vth ð3:32Þ If VB ¼ Vth, the maximum Vo equals to VDD, which is only half of that in the classB NMOS VCO.

27 Variation of phase shift α due to the flicker noise from the coupling transistors II+,1 in,1 in,2 ID3 II+,2 a2 a1 ID1 condition and guarantee the oscillation at a lower frequency ωosc2 as shown in Fig. 25b. The detailed analysis on this bimodal oscillation phenomenon can be found in [30], which suggests that the ambiguity on the oscillation frequency (ωosc1, ωosc2) and IQ phase sequence can be eliminated by adding sufficient phase shift in the coupling paths. In the P-QVCO, since extra coupling transistors are employed, they would inevitably consume extra power and contribute noise to the VCO output.

Since the current efficiency β drops, then F increases, indicating that M1 and M2 now contribute more noise and that the phase noise is increased with IB. As a result, IB should be properly chosen to bias the oscillator at the boundary between the current-limited and voltage-limited regions to achieve the minimum phasenoise performance, as shown in Fig. 14. In the current-limited region, if the current commutation between M1 and M2 is fast, square-wave waveform is reasonable to be assumed with β ¼ 2=π.

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