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Example text

1981). 012 The u r a n i u m and thorium series are so called because they are composed of a series of radioactive descendants (daughters) in secular equilibrium with the (original) parent activity. The decay of each member of the series results in a new radioactive isotope, each series finally terminating in a different lead isotope. The decay path for the uranium-238 series is shown in Fig. 17 (Ehmann and Vance, 1991). This series undergoes a series of transformation by alpha decay, indicated by the downward diagonal lines, and beta decay, indicated by a vertical rise.

The direction and energy of the deflected gamma photon is given by the Klein-Nishima equation, which relates the energy of the incident g a m m a ray to the scattering angle and the energy of the scattered g a m m a ray. The m a x i m u m energy loss occurs in a 180-degree collision, whereas the m i n i m u m energy loss is at a grazing collision where ~ approaches zero. Fig. 10 shows a distribution of scattered electrons from the interaction with gamma rays of energy E ~ The sharp line at the beginning of the Compton distribution is known as the Compton edge.

Outside the nuclear environment, the proton exists as a stable e n t i t y - the hydrogen ion. The neutron also has a mass of one unit but carries no charge. It can also exist outside of the nucleus but it is u n s t a b l e with respect to decay and m a y react w i t h other nuclei in the neighborhood. In a v a c u u m it decays w i t h a half-life of about 11 m i n u t e s to a proton plus an electron. An electron emitted from a nucleus is called a beta particle. It carries a negative charge and has no significant mass.

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