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Extra resources for The Utilization of Slag in Civil Infrastructure Construction

Sample text

By decreasing the silicon content of hot metal and lowering the manganese content, the amount of lime required in steelmaking will decline. Increased use of scrap, along with external desulfurization, also results in lower flux consumption in steelmaking. There is a large number of possible grade of steel that can be produced but at the end of refining, they can be simply classified as high, medium, and low carbon grades. The lower the carbon content, the higher the oxygen level, with more iron oxide generated and usually more limestone and dolomite are needed for slag formation.

2 EAF steelmaking and slag formation The important feature of the EAF steelmaking process is that the raw materials are recycled steel scrap and fluxes without the step of iron ore extraction. This results in overall cost of per tonne of annual installed capacity in the range of $127–182/t ($140–200/ton) for an EAF-based operation compared to approximately $1110/t ($1000/ton) for a BF-BOF-based operation (Jones, 1988). The EAF is cylindrical in shape. The furnace bottom consists of a spherically shaped bottom dish.

The important functions of the secondary refining process are final desulfurization; degassing of oxygen, nitrogen, and hydrogen; removal of impurities; and final decarburization (for ultralow carbon steels). Depending on the required quality, most of the molten steel produced in BOF and EAF processes goes through some or all of the abovementioned refining processes. Ladle furnaces look like smaller versions of EAF furnaces, having three graphite electrodes connected to an arc transformer used for heating the steel.

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