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52 Globalists Those that view the EU from a ‘‘top down’’ approach are essentially concerned with explaining the role of the EU in World Politics or, at least, European international relations. At an early stage, Johan Galtung noted the international presence of the European Economic Community. 53 Later research has stressed more the effect the other way, that of changes in the world economy on the EU decision-makers. 54 A neo-Marxist approach taken by Paul Cammack has seen the EU in terms of the wider forces of capitalism, whereby the EU is but one of the global and regional institutions such as the World Bank and the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) that have promoted a culture of competition.

Will some states maintain opt-outs, especially from the euro? Second, where will the EU end? Will it include Balkan states other than Greece, Bulgaria and Romania and will it welcome Turkey? If so, it will extend its frontiers up to those of Iraq; will that be accepted by the people of Europe? If not, will the EU become more inward looking and exclusive? Will it take in Ukraine? How will that effect relations with Russia and what if, one day, an application was received from Moscow? 32 A brief history of European integration Conclusion All the above questions indicate that the EU has come a long way since its inception from the Schuman Plan but also that it has not finished its journey.

There is no one method of making a decision. Some are made in the way used in most international organizations, by the representatives of the member states (the Council) agreeing on a course of action by unanimity, or, on occasions, by a majority (often qualified) of those present and voting. However, a sizeable proportion of decisions are made by combinations of the EU institutions, the Commission, the Council, the European Parliament, the European Economic and Social Committee (EESC) and the Committee of the Regions (CoR).

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