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Sample text

Most field measurements reveal the existence of these properties and their prevalence lies on a thorough understanding of the different depositional geological environments. An aquifer is considered homogeneous if its hydraulic properties are the same at any given point in space. If properties vary in space, the aquifers are said to be heterogeneous. 6) [40,41] while in an isotropic matrix, these properties are identical regardless of direction. The homogeneity and isotropy are closely related.

Molecular diffusion will occur in the system if the velocity is zero, while mechanical dispersion is the process that will spread the tracer if the velocity is not zero. The latter phenomenon will likely to cause a complex behavior to occur in the aquifer [47]. 6). Although the impact of these processes is not visible at the macroscopic level, they must be considered for better prediction of contaminant spreading. 8) where Dij = dispersion coefficient (in meters squared per second), D L = longitudinal dispersion coefficient (in meters squared per second), D T = transverse dispersion coefficient (in meters squared per second), τ = tortuosity (dimensionless), ui, = x component of velocity vector (in meters per second), uj = y component of velocity vector (in meters per second), D 0 = molecular diffusion (in meters squared per second), x, y = horizontal coordinates (in meters), αL = longitudinal dispersivity (in meters), and αL = transverse dispersivity (in meters).

5) [28]. 5 DNAPLs (a) such as dry-cleaning solvents sink in water and accumulate at the top of a confining layer while LNAPLs (b) such as gasoline float on water. , Groundwater Remediation. ) 32 Sustainable Water Technologies LNAPLs may move laterally as a continuous layer along the upper boundary of the water-saturated zone owing to gravity and capillary forces [25]. Common forms of LNAPLs are petroleum hydrocarbon liquids such as oil, gas, petrochemicals such as benzene and benzene derivatives, toluene, and xylene [29].

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