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Génie cognitif. Paris: Masson (Sciences cognitives). 60. , & Breuker, J. ). (1993). KADS: A principled approach to knowledge-based system development, knowledge-based systems (Vol. II). Boston: Academic Press. 61. , & de Hoog, R. (1994). CommonKADS: A comprehensive methodology for KBS development. IEEE Expert, 9(6), December, 28–37. 62. Puerta, A. , Egar, J. , Tu, S. , & Musen, M. A. (1992). A multiple-method knowledge acquisition shell for the automatic generation of knowledge acquisition tools.

This positive public opinion embedded within a utilitarian worldview of technological advances and coupled with the government’s strong support for scientific research on food genetics as well as the courts’ positive assessment of biotechnology regulations framed the oversight functions at the agency level [69]. Staffed with many former employees of major agribusiness corporations, the Food and Drug Administration cooperated closely with entities like Monsanto and touted the benefits of GM food, as illustrated by the approval of the recombinant bovine growth hormone in 1993 [70–74].

Others have resisted the spread and implementation of these biotechnology applications. Concerns have focused on the capacity of genetically modified foods to cross biological boundaries, causing harm to humans and the environment. However, resistance also stems from the post-material values movement of the 1960s and 1970s that highlighted negative sociological externalities of biotechnology, including the commodification of life and the increase of inequality [4]. Policymakers in industrialized countries have responded differently to these perceived opportunities and threats.

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