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Additional info for Republican Beijing: The City and Its Histories (Asia: Local Studies Global Themes, 8)

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Zhu An, an eminent historian of the Republican period,21 made what might be the most sensitive observation on the complex entanglement of the old and the new in Republican Beijing: The nearly thirty years between 1900 and 1928 were, for Beijing, a time of struggle between the old and the new. All that was old still refused to totally surrender but had to guardedly accept some of the new. It was like forcibly putting new clothes on an old skeleton. 22 As this comment shows, Zhu An does not see the transition from the old to the new as occurring automatically, nor does he romanticize or Introduction 11 idealize either the new or the old.

They exchange gifts, call for entertainers to drink with them, and gather in groups to have a great time. 24 This prosperity and the minor vices associated with it, such as dishonest merchants, thieves, women who acted as bait for ruses, and greedy cart drivers,25 appeared to be in conflict with, and even threatening to, the very source of the city’s wealth and the reason for its existence: its status as the imperial capital. 26 In addition to the three walls encircling the imperial palace compound and separating the Inner and the Outer Cities, 1,461 sentries were stationed on the city walls and streets.

Again, starting clockwise from the southeast corner, they were Zuoan, Yongding, and Youan on the south side, Guang’an and Xibian on the west side, and Dongbian and Guangqu on the east side. In the interests of palace security, no permanent businesses, guilds, or forms of entertainment were technically allowed in the Inner City. Although these regulations were broken time and again throughout imperial history, the Inner City had relatively few businesses to serve the daily needs of its residents.

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