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Additional info for Microstructure of Smectite Clays and Engineering Performance (Spon Research)

Sample text

3 for Na-montmorillonite with a dry density of 1200 kg/m3, corresponding to 1750 kg/m3 at complete water saturation. 5 Sorptive properties of smectites Cations The lattice charge deficit makes the smectites adsorb and exchange ions and inorganic and organic molecules. 10 Diffusion coefficient and viscosity of porewater in montmorillonite calculated by use of molecular dynamics [10]. ) Water content, % (by weight) Number of hydrates Ͻ7 7–10 10–20 20–25 25–35 Ͼ 35 0 1 1–2 2 2–3 3 capacity (CEC) of smectites.

Clay materials of saponite type are commonly found in the transition zones and they represent about 500 000 m3. Three different units have been established: (a) a lower unit composed mainly of evaporites, (b) an intermediate unit made up of clays, sandstones, limestones and chert, and (c) an upper unit of essentially detrital materials, associated with tectonic phases that occurred during the Miocene. The intermediate unit is of particular interest and is made up of materials from lacustrine and fluviatile environments with some transition zones.

The deposited ashes were subsequently buried by marine or land-derived materials. With time and further burial by other overburden material, consolidation of the deposited ashes resulted. Many of these ancient ash layers later altered to bentonite. Smectite clays 31 In the Black Hills area in Wyoming the bentonite beds have a thickness of a few centimetres to a few metres and appear in a series of marine shales, marls and sandstones. The Wyoming bentonites have been exploited by the American Colloid Co.

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