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Additional info for Mapping Antarctica: A Five Hundred Year Record of Discovery

Example text

In 1827 Parry sailed north from the Svalbard Islands, reaching 82 45 0 N, a latitude which remained ‘‘farthest north’’ for over 50 years. Parry may not have achieved his goal, but he was the hero at the right time needed to crystallize interest in the Arctic and, by extension, polar regions. He was a capable leader and an excellent navigator whose attention to detail contributed significantly to creating a British naval experience in survival of man and ship in polar climates. His discoveries laid the groundwork for subsequent completion of the North-West Passage and attainment of the North Pole.

Interest in the science of geomagnetism would continue into and through the 20th century, with a recognition of the ‘‘magnetosphere’’ as a region in space where the motion of electrically charged matter within the ‘‘solar wind’’ interacted with the Earth’s magnetic field. The greater strength of the Earth’s magnetic field lines at the poles (a phenomenon predicted by von Humboldt and La Pe´rouse) enabled force fields to extend into space to influence the behavior and movement of charged protons and electrons originating from the Sun’s surface.

Studies of geomagnetism as a window into geospace began with observations by land-based explorers such as Robert Scott (1901–1904) and Douglas Mawson (1907–1909, 1911–1914) to document patterns produced by the aurora australis. Oceanography, or marine science, covers topics ranging from biology, currents and water movement, the composition and dynamics of the ocean floor, to the chemical composition and substance movement within the oceans. Early interest was confined to currents and waves as they affected navigation.

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