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Additional info for Java 2: The complete reference

Example text

The values of true and false do not convert into any numerical representation. The true literal in Java does not equal 1, nor does the false literal equal 0. In Java, they can only be assigned to variables declared as boolean, or used in expressions with Boolean operators. Character Literals Characters in Java are indices into the Unicode character set. They are 16-bit values that can be converted into integers and manipulated with the integer operators, such as the addition and subtraction operators.

The Java run-time environment is free to use whatever size it wants, as long as the types behave as you declared them. In fact, at least one implementation stores bytes and shorts as 32-bit (rather than 8- and 16-bit) values to improve performance, because that is the word size of most computers currently in use. The width and ranges of these integer types vary widely, as shown in this table: Name Width Range long 64 –9,223,372,036,854,775,808 to 9,223,372,036,854,775,807 int 32 –2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647 short 16 –32,768 to 32,767 byte 8 –128 to 127 Let's look at each type of integer.

First, all byte and short values are promoted to int, as just described. Then, if one operand is a long, the whole expression is promoted to long. If one operand is a float operand, the entire expression is promoted to float. If any of the operands is double, the result is double. println("result = " + result); } } Let's look closely at the type promotions that occur in this line from the program: double result = (f * b) + (i / c) - (d * s); In the first subexpression, f * b, b is promoted to a float and the result of the subexpression is float.

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