Introduction to Semi-supervised Learning (Synthesis Lectures - download pdf or read online
By Xiaojin Zhu, Andrew B. Goldberg, Ronald Brachman, Thomas Dietterich
ISBN-10: 1598295470
ISBN-13: 9781598295474
Semi-supervised studying is a studying paradigm involved in the learn of ways desktops and traditional platforms comparable to people study within the presence of either categorised and unlabeled information. often, studying has been studied both within the unsupervised paradigm (e.g., clustering, outlier detection) the place all of the facts is unlabeled, or within the supervised paradigm (e.g., class, regression) the place the entire info is labeled.The objective of semi-supervised studying is to appreciate how combining classified and unlabeled information could swap the educational habit, and layout algorithms that make the most of one of these blend. Semi-supervised studying is of significant curiosity in computing device studying and information mining since it can use available unlabeled info to enhance supervised studying projects whilst the categorized facts is scarce or dear. Semi-supervised studying additionally indicates capability as a quantitative device to appreciate human classification studying, the place many of the enter is self-evidently unlabeled. during this introductory e-book, we current a few renowned semi-supervised studying versions, together with self-training, combination types, co-training and multiview studying, graph-based equipment, and semi-supervised help vector machines. for every version, we speak about its simple mathematical formula. The luck of semi-supervised studying relies seriously on a few underlying assumptions. We emphasize the assumptions made via every one version and provides counterexamples while applicable to illustrate the restrictions of the several versions. furthermore, we speak about semi-supervised studying for cognitive psychology. eventually, we provide a computational studying theoretic viewpoint on semi-supervised studying, and we finish the e-book with a short dialogue of open questions within the box.
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Extra resources for Introduction to Semi-supervised Learning (Synthesis Lectures on Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning)
Sample text
Local optima issues can be addressed by smart choice of starting point using active learning [133]. 1 TWO VIEWS OF AN INSTANCE Consider the supervised learning task of named entity classification in natural language processing. A named entity is a proper name such as “Washington State” or “Mr. ” Each named entity has a class label depending on what it is referring to. For simplicity, we assume there are only two classes: Person or Location. The goal of named entity classification is to assign the correct label to each entity, for example, Location to “Washington State” and Person to “Mr.
3) where μy and y are the mean vector and covariance matrix, respectively, An example task is image classification, where x may be the vector of pixel intensities of an image. Images in each class are modeled by a Gaussian distribution. The overall generative model is called a Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM). As another example of generative models, the multinomial distribution p(x = (x·1 , . . , x·d )|μy ) = ( D i=1 x·i )! x·1 ! · · · x·D ! 4) d=1 where μy is a probability vector, is a common choice for modeling count vectors x.
The desired MLE. The other bumps are local optima. The EM algorithm is prone to being trapped in a local optimum. Such local optima might lead to inferior performance. A standard practice against local optima is random restart, in which the EM algorithm is run multiple times. Each time EM starts from a different random initial parameter θ (0) . The θ that correspond to the best log likelihood is selected. 6. 4: An example of unidentifiable models. Even if we know p(x) is a mixture of two uniform distributions, we cannot uniquely identify the two components.
Introduction to Semi-supervised Learning (Synthesis Lectures on Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning) by Xiaojin Zhu, Andrew B. Goldberg, Ronald Brachman, Thomas Dietterich
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