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6. 2. 55? 3. Visible light ranges in wavelength from about 380 to about 760 nm. What is its frequency range? 4. A plane wave, wavelength 500 nm, propagates in the direction of the vector (1,2,3). What are its spatial frequencies measured along the x,y, and z axes? 5. 44λ f / D in width where f is the focal length of the lens. Assume the diameter of the lens is 10 mm and its focal length is 20 mm. What laser power would be needed to cause a spark at the focus of the lens if the breakdown electric field of dry air is about 30 kV per cm?

Examples are the focal length of a lens or of a spherical mirror. All of the laws governing reflection and refraction of light are derived from Fermat’s principle, which states that the precise route which a beam of light follows in traveling between two points is such that the time taken is a maximum, constant, or minimum. For example, when light is reflected at a plane mirror, the journey time is minimum. At first sight, the geometrical optics approach may seem a confusing departure from the concept of a light wave, but the two are compatible, as we shall see.

5. 44λ f / D in width where f is the focal length of the lens. Assume the diameter of the lens is 10 mm and its focal length is 20 mm. What laser power would be needed to cause a spark at the focus of the lens if the breakdown electric field of dry air is about 30 kV per cm? 6. 16, show that the focal length of a spherical mirror of radius R′ is R/2. 7. Cats’ eyes are commonly used to delineate the central white line on single carriageway roads at night. 5) in tough rubber mounts set in the roadway.

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