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Extra info for Handbook of Pollution Prevention and Cleaner Production - Best Practices in The Petroleum Industry (Handbook of Pollution Prevention and Cleaner Production, Volume 1)

Example text

An overflow pipe drains the condensed liquids from each tray back to the tray below, where the higher temperature causes re-evaporation. 16 shows a photograph of a refinery in the Middle East where distillation columns can be seen. 17 shows a simplified process flow sheet of crude oil distillation. The evaporation, condensing, and scrubbing operation is repeated many times until the desired degree of product purity is achieved. Side streams from certain trays are taken off to obtain the desired fractions.

When the water is heated to its boiling point an instantaneous vaporization explosion can occur upon contact with the oil in the unit. This can lead to devastating damage to the columns and catastrophic release of vapors and liquid. 4 Solvent extraction Solvent treating is a process used for refining lubricating oils and other refinery stocks. Since distillation separates petroleum products into groups only by their boiling-point ranges, impurities remain. The impurities consist of organic compounds containing sulfur, nitrogen, and oxygen, inorganic salts and dissolved metals, and soluble salts that are present in the crude feedstock.

The type of coke produced depends on the reaction mechanism, time, and temperature, and the crude feedstock. Delayed coking In this method the heated charge is residuum from atmospheric distillation towers. The residuum is transferred to large coke drums, which provide the long residence time needed to allow the cracking reactions to proceed to completion. Initially the heavy feedstock is fed to a furnace, which heats the residuum to high temperatures (900–950 F) at low pressures of between 25 and 30 psi.

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