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Yields and product quality vary widely due to the broad range of feedstock types charged to the delayed coking process. The function of the coke drum is to provide the residence time required for the coking reactions and to accumulate the coke. Hydraulic cutters are used to remove coke from the drum. Fluid coking is a continuous fluidized solid process that cracks feed thermally over heated coke particles in a reactor vessel to gas, liquid products, and coke. Heat for the process is supplied by partial combustion of the coke, with the remaining coke being drawn as product.

In addition to carbon DEFINITIONS and hydrogen, heavy oils contain oxygen, sulfur, and nitrogen compounds, as well as trace quantities of metals (such as nickel and vanadium) may also be present. Determining the chemical form present for these elements provides additional important information. Test methods of interest for the analysis of heavy oil (extra heavy oil and tar sand bitumen can be included here) include tests that measure physical properties such as density, refractive index, molecular weight, and boiling range; those methods that are used to measure chemical composition such as elemental and molecular structure analysis; and derivative methods that correlate measured properties with aspects of chemical composition (Speight, 2001, 2014a).

With the suitable choice of a catalyst, the preference for products boiling in the naphtha range (<200°C, <390°F) or for product boiling in the diesel range (~150 to 300°C, 300 to 570°F) can be realized. Bio-oil (pyrolysis oil, bio-crude) is the liquid product produced by the thermal decomposition (destructive distillation) of biomass at temperatures on the order of 500°C (930°F). The product is a synthetic crude oil and is of interest as a possible complement (eventually a substitute) to petroleum.

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