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Extra info for Handbook of Optics, Volume 1: Fundamentals, Techniques, and Design. Second Edition

Sample text

The average position of the star also shows a random quiver be­ cause the average angle-of-arrival of light from the star is affected by the changing index of refraction along its path through the atmosphere. A third effect known a long time ago by astronomers was the apparent spreading of the star image due to turbulence. The aberrations introduced by the optics did not account for the large spot image of the star, a point object. The turbulence produced random higher-order aberrations that caused the spreading.

Twinkling is the random intensity vari­ ation of the light from a star because of the random interference between waves from the same star passing through slightly different atmospheric paths. The average position of the star also shows a random quiver be­ cause the average angle-of-arrival of light from the star is affected by the changing index of refraction along its path through the atmosphere. A third effect known a long time ago by astronomers was the apparent spreading of the star image due to turbulence.

Rayleigh scattering is caused by thermally arrested density fluctuations in the material [193]. These scattered photons destroy the wavefront propagating through the fiber. Rayleigh and Brillouin scattering (when a photon is scattered by an acoustic phonon) are proportional to the negative fourth power of the wavelength. Mie scattering in optical fibers scales by another power of the wavelength that can range from A~ to A . Other forms of scattering can have A~ dependence [162]. Because of conservation of energy, scattering processes such as Brillouin scattering result in a wavelength shift.

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