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Additional resources for Guide to the deterioration and failure of building materials

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Cracking and micro-cracking in the surface zone: this is usually subparallel to the external surface and leads to flaking and breaking away of surface layers. Cracks also commonly develop along aggregate surfaces, presumably reflecting the differences in coefficient of linear expansion between cement paste and aggregate. Larger cracks can occur, particularly where reinforcement is affected by the increase in temperature. • Alteration of the phases in aggregate and paste: the main changes occurring in aggregate and paste relate to oxidation and dehydration.

The analysis indicated a leaching of calcium, manganese, iron and silicon. qxd 16/07/02 13:54 Page 46 Deteriorated concrete: inspection and physicochemical analysis Microbial weathering processes (wastewater systems and atmospheric pollution). g. Berthelin22 and Silva,23 have reported on the microbial weathering of rocks and soils. This solubilization is also seen in concrete where it is exposed to humid conditions and organic growth becomes established. The process involves the chemical and mineralogical modification of different materials and essentially involves the solubilization of mineral elements (Si, Al, Fe, Mn, Mg, K and Na) from silicates, oxides, phosphates, carbonates and sulfides.

Modification to the set and hydration • Accelerators are admixtures that provoke a fast set in the concrete and a rapid strength growth. They are often used when placing concrete in cold conditions to prevent freeze–thaw damage to the green concrete. A cement paste with an accelerator will typically achieve a final set within 1 h. A concrete with an accelerator can increase the 3 day strength typically by 25%. • Retarders are used to delay the set of a concrete, and consequently delay the hardening.

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