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Additional info for Geological hazards : their assessment, avoidance, and mitigation

Sample text

Consequently, they suggested that the use of the term ‘extinct’ should be discontinued. In fact, they suggested the use of the terms ‘live’ and ‘dead’* based on the probability that a volcano will or will not * The same argument could be used against the term ‘dead’ as it could against the term ‘extinct’. G. Bell Volcanic hazard and prediction 39 erupt. Such a probability can be assessed from the prehistoric record of a volcano, which involves geological investigation of the volcanic materials associated with a volcano, as well as consideration of any historical evidence.

The size of pyroclasts varies enormously. It is dependent upon the viscosity of the magma, the violence of the explosive activity, the amount of gas coming out of solution during the flight of the pyroclast, and the height to which it is thrown. The largest blocks thrown into the air may weight over 100 tonnes, whereas the smallest consist of very fine ash, which may take years to fall back to the Earth’s surface. The largest pyroclasts are referred to as volcanic bombs. These consist of clots of lava or fragments of wall rock.

Most pyroclastic flows consist of a dense basal flow, the pyroclastic flow proper, one or more pyroclastic surges and clouds of ash. Two major types of pyroclastic flow can be recognized. Pumiceous pyroclastic flows are concentrated mixtures of hot to incandescent pumice, mainly of ash and lapilli size. Ashflow tuffs and ignimbrites are associated with these flows. 001 3 to over 1000 km . G. 15 Snapped-off trees caused by the blast from Mount St Helens during the eruption of 18 August 1980. Pyroclastic flows formed primarily of scoriaceous or lithic volcanic debris are known as hot avalanches, glowing avalanches, nuées ardentes or block and ashflows.

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