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Real beam resolution, of course, is better at the shorter wavelengths. When selecting a lidar wavelength, the designer chooses one of the atmospheric lines that has low absorption. Many of those lines are spread across a fairly wide range from the visible to LWIR. Note that the graph does not assume a large presence of water vapor in the air. At high absolute humidity, the LWIR wavelength region does have significant absorption so should be avoided for those conditions. However, many other parameters will set the exact wavelength chosen.

However, it is often less expensive to mitigate mean-squared noise power. This can be done for both direct detection lidar and coherent lidar by using gain early in the detection process so that any noise after the gain is not as influential. The SNR for coherent lidar can also be increased by increasing the power of the LO. Because of the option of increasing LO power to mitigate noise effects, pre-amplification gain has not been used as often in coherent lidar as in direct detection lidar. The mean-squared signal current is (  2 G2 <2 Ps2 ðdirect detectionÞ is ¼ 2 2 2hh G < PLO PS ðcoherent detectionÞ where G is pre-amplifier gain, < is detector responsivity, Ps is signal power, PLO is LO power, hh is heterodyne mixing efficiency, and hq e <¼ hn where hq is detector quantum efficiency, e is the charge on an electron, h is Planck’s constant, and n is the carrier frequency of the light.

Recently, there has also been some interest in ~2-mm wavelength and in the MWIR region. Atmospheric absorption at 2 mm and in the MWIR is also not significant, but scattering is less at longer wavelengths. Real beam resolution, of course, is better at the shorter wavelengths. When selecting a lidar wavelength, the designer chooses one of the atmospheric lines that has low absorption. Many of those lines are spread across a fairly wide range from the visible to LWIR. Note that the graph does not assume a large presence of water vapor in the air.

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