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Sample text

The storage modulus is a measure of the energy stored and recovered under conditions of oscillating stresses. It can be measured using an oscillatory viscometer and a compacted ‘drill cutting’ platelet after various exposure times of a cutting to drilling mud. 6 shows the strength of a shale cutting after 18 h of exposure to various concentrations of salts (KCl) and polymer in the drilling fluid. 3. 6 a After Ref. 34. 2. 6. Strength of shale cutting in various mud environments (1 dyne = 10−5 N) [39].

The most common compounds are oxyalkylated alkylphenol–formaldehyde resins, polyglycol esters and alkylaryl sulfonates. Almost all formulations contain more than one of these generic types, as well as a surfactant. Virtually all components of these formulations are very insoluble in water and distribute into the oil phase. 4–4 ppm distributing into the produced water. 8 to 80 ppm. Reverse breakers are used to help remove droplets of oil from the produced water before discharge into the ocean. The two most common generic types are low molecular weight (2,000–5,000) polyamines and polyamine quaternary ammonium compounds.

K. Wojtanowicz concentration values representing the 50% mortality rate (LC50) [61]. The following analysis summarizes findings regarding production chemical use and toxicity [62]. Biocides control bacterial growth, particularly sulfate-reducing bacteria that cause corrosion or fouling. Aldehydes, quaternary ammonium salts and amine acetate salts are the most commonly used biocides. All the biocides are highly water soluble. Intermittent slug treatments at 50–200 ppm of formulation are used to obtain good control with a minimum total biocide usage.

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