By T.J.M. Kennie, G. Petrie

ISBN-10: 0203860748

ISBN-13: 9780203860748

This paintings examines the key alterations within the know-how now used for the size and processing of topographic and non-topographic spatial facts, with emphasis at the new and rising know-how and its applications.

summary: This paintings examines the foremost alterations within the expertise now used for the size and processing of topographic and non-topographic spatial info, with emphasis at the new and rising know-how and its purposes

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Extra resources for Engineering Surveying Technology

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It is therefore essential that care is taken to accurately measure these quantities. 2. 2 clearly indicates (i) that temperature and pressure need to be determined to about 1°C and 3mm Hg, and (ii) that microwave instruments are very susceptible to changes in relative humidity and that this quantity should be measured to a much higher precision than for electro-optical instruments. 3 Instrument errors. EDM devices, like other surveying instruments, require careful use and regular calibration if they are to provide reliable and accurate results.

The end faces of the cylinder are made accurately parallel, with one of them fully silvered and the other partly silvered. The ruby rod is then placed with its axis along one of the foci (focal points) of a hollow metal cylinder of elliptical crosssection which is highly polished in its inside surface (Fig. 1). Along the other focal axis is a discharge tube, emitting high energy violet or green light which is delivered highly focused into the ruby crystal or rod. 3 Laser action A flash from the discharge tube energizes a large number of the chromium atoms to an excited state.

For example, photogrammetric techniques require only a relatively short time for data acquisition. This may be of value if it is important to reduce the interruption in the workplace to minimum during the survey. Photogrammetry also provides a permanent historical record of the raw data in the form of a pair of photographs. Thus, remeasurement can take place at a later stage if required. ECDS, in contrast, although requiring full access to the measurement surface during the survey, can provide real-time coordinate data.

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