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Additional resources for Electrical Submersible Pumps Manual: Design, Operations, and Maintenance (Gulf Equipment Guides)

Example text

20), in contrast to regular ones, the primary and secondary circuits are not insulated from each other and such transformers contain one coil only. The coil is connected to the power source and part of it is connected to the driven (secondary) circuit. Review of Fundamentals Step-Down Fig. 19 Schematics of stepup and step-down transformers. Step-Up Transformers Up Ip Np Us Is Ns Primary Secondary Up Ip Np 41 Us Is Ns Primary Secondary Fig. 20 Schematic diagram of an autotransformer. 6 An ESP installation requires a voltage of 1,500 V, and a current of 35 A on the surface, where the available voltage is 380 V.

Hubs Stacked No Downthrust Washers by the unit’s main thrust bearing in the protector section. ) capable of producing large volumes of liquids. As already mentioned, they may have a wider operating range than pumps of the same type with floating impellers. Limitations of fixed impeller “compression” pumps include: • they are more difficult to manufacture because impellers must be fitted very precisely along the pump shaft, • investment costs are higher, due to manufacturing requirements, • the maximum number of stages in one pump is limited to about 80 to 100, and • protectors with high capacity thrust bearings must be used.

6 Affinity Laws Most centrifugal pumps, either in surface or downhole service, operate at a constant speed because they are usually driven by electric motors connected to a network supplying an electric current with a constant frequency. However, their performance at different speeds has long been investigated and the basic rules of variable speed operation have been established [10]. According to the affinity laws, the following relationships exist between the actual speed of the centrifugal pump and its most important performance parameters: • The flow rate of a pump changes directly proportional to its operating speed.

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