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Extra resources for Eco-Evolutionary Dynamics, Volume 50

Sample text

1) The P-to-F flow (consumption of periphyton by guppies) mediates a positive direct effect of exchanging HP for LP phenotype on periphyton biomass (because HP consume less periphyton than LP). (2) The P-to-I flow (consumption of periphyton by invertebrates) mediates a positive indirect effect of exchanging HP for LP phenotype on periphyton biomass (because HP consume more invertebrates that also feed on periphyton). (3) and (4) The F-to-N and I-to-N flows (excretion of fish and invertebrates) mediate negative indirect effects of exchanging HP for LP phenotype on periphyton biomass (because HP disrupt nutrient cycling compared to LP).

Of Rivulus adapting to life with or without guppies. Feedback between ecology and evolution is inferred from these results; for example, the evolution of the LP phenotype is suggestive of adaptation to high population densities. We also infer that the more general diet of LP guppies is an adaptation to their depletion of food availability. A virtue of our study system is that it is also possible to study eco-evo feedbacks as a dynamic process by transplanting guppies from a HP environment into a previously guppy-free portion of stream that contains only Rivulus.

However, LP guppies never showed higher population growth rates than HP guppies at the densities we employed. Density-dependent selection may thus be necessary to explain the evolution of the LP phenotype, but it is not sufficient. We used an additional modelling effort to test these ideas more fully. We drew on the data from these experiments, plus additional data from our manipulative studies of natural populations, to parameterize a series of invasion analyses that asked how density-dependent vital rates affected the ability of the LP phenotype to invade a population of HP phenotypes.

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