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Cement International, 8, 148–152. Bensted J. 2006. Significance of chromate VI reducing agent in cements. Cement Wapno Beton, 1, 29–35. R. 2009. Grinding aids during cement manufacture. Cement Wapno Beton, 4, 179–188. , Gutierrez Lanza H. 2011. Calculation of the corporate carbon footprint of the cement industry by the application of MC3 methodology. Ecological indicators, 11, 1526-1540. M. 2007. The influence of grinding technique on the liberation of clinker minerals and cement properties. Cement and Concrete Research, 32, 1334–1340.

1 Forecast for the global use of ferrous slag, 2008–2020 (Smithers Apex, 2009). 2 Silica fume (SF) Total world silica fume (SF) production was estimated to be 900 ¥ 103 t/ year in 2006 (ACI, 2006). In the USA the estimated SF production in 2004 was between 100 and 120 ¥ 103 t (EPA, 2008). 01% of total cement production making the analysis of silica availability unnecessary. Due to this reason, and the fact that it is a very expensive material, approximately US$800/t (Malhotra, 2005), it is only used in some special concretes.

Humphreys and Mahasenan (2002) estimate that BFS intended for cement production in 2020 will be 123 ¥ 106 t/year. A third source (WBCSD, 2009) provides a total BFS of 200 ¥ 106 t/year in 2006. Considering all sources, the availability of blast furnace slag will not surpass 300 ¥ 106 t/year. A probable scenario for 2020 is around 4 ¥ 109 t/ year of cement, resulting in a maximum average clinker replacement with BFS lower than 10%. Humphreys and Mahasenan (2002) estimate that BFS will replace a maximum of 7% clinker by 2020.

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