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Incorporation of ground limestone probably has little effect except that due to dilution of the cement. e. environments where neither water nor dissolved substances are interchanged with the external environment. In real-world exposures, concrete pore solutions can undergo significant changes in water content, in contents of dissolved components, or in both. Concretes may be exposed to leaching, either by virtue of being underwater or through long-continued rainfall. The pores in such concretes will become water solution-saturated if not previously so saturated, and prolonged wet exposures can induce significant loss of the alkali hydroxide leached from the pore solution.

21. L. , `Pore solution composition and composition and chloride binding capacity of silica fume cement pastes', Mater Struct 1979 16 (919) 19±25. 22. , `Sodium chloride and alkali aggregate reaction', Proc. 7th Intl Conf. Alkali Aggregate Reactions, Ottawa 1987 110±118. 23. , Diamond, S. , Steel Corrosion in Concrete, London, E and FN Spon, 1997. 24. D. , `Mechanism of accelerating effect of NaCl and Ca(OH)2 on alkali silica reaction', Proc 7th Intl Conf Alkali Aggregate Reactions, Ottawa 1987.

45 concrete. While no quantitative study has been made, in the writer's experience the proportion of the porous patches is clearly higher for concretes with higher w:c ratios. e. at the lower end of the archetypical concrete w:c ratio range, porous patches are relatively few in number and tend to be generally isolated from each other. In contrast, in many very high w:c ratio concretes examined by the writer, porous areas tend to predominate and appear to `percolate'; local areas of dense paste, similar in appearance to the dense area in the right side of Fig.

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