New PDF release: Bayesian Nets and Causality: Philosophical and Computational

By Jon Williamson

ISBN-10: 019853079X

ISBN-13: 9780198530794

Bayesian nets are conventional in man made intelligence as a calculus for informal reasoning, permitting machines to make predictions, practice diagnoses, take judgements or even to find informal relationships. yet many philosophers have criticized and finally rejected the primary assumption on which such paintings is based-the causal Markov . So may still Bayesian nets be deserted? What explains their good fortune in man made intelligence? This ebook argues that the Causal Markov holds as a default rule: it usually holds yet may have to be repealed within the face of counter examples. therefore, Bayesian nets are the best software to exploit through default yet naively making use of them may end up in difficulties. The booklet develops a scientific account of causal reasoning and exhibits how Bayesian nets should be coherently hired to automate the reasoning procedures of a man-made agent. The ensuing framework for causal reasoning contains not just new algorithms, but additionally new conceptual foundations. likelihood and causality are handled as psychological notions - a part of an agent's trust kingdom. but chance and causality also are goal - various brokers with an analogous historical past wisdom should undertake an identical or related probabilistic and causal ideals. This ebook, geared toward researchers and graduate scholars in laptop technological know-how, arithmetic and philosophy, presents a basic creation to those philosophical perspectives in addition to exposition of the computational ideas that they inspire.

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35 However, even approximate inference in Bayesian nets is NP-hard,36 and so this strategy is only 31 (Cooper, 1990) Papadimitriou (1994) for an introduction to computational complexity concepts. 33 (Neapolitan, 1990, chapter 6) 34 (Shimony and Domshlak, 2003) 35 See Dagum and Luby (1997) and Jordan (1998, part 1). 37 A second strategy is to perform exact inference in a net that approximates the target function. There are computational complexity difficulties with inference in arbitrary networks.

A key task for the knowledge engineer, then, is to choose some approximation subspace S of the space B of Bayesian nets such that for nets in this subspace, computational complexities (such as size of the network and the time complexity of inference) are catered for by available resources. org. e. not necessarily singly connected) Bayesian nets uses the clique-tree algorithm put forward in Lauritzen and Spiegelhalter (1988)—see chapter 7 of Neapolitan (1990) and also Cowell et al. (1999). org. 39 (Chickering, 1996) 22 BAYESIAN NETS of nets that are singly connected and whose vertices have no more than two parents; for such nets we can be assured that both the size of the network and the time complexity of inference will be linear in the number of variables n.

For such a graph, suppose arrow A −→ B was most recently added: then other arrows into B whose addition would keep the net in S need to be re-weighed to take into account the new parent A. There are at most n − 2 such arrows. Letting s be the average number of nets under consideration at any step of the algorithm, we might then expect the total number of weights that need to be ascertained to be of the order n2 + kns, where k is the total number of arrows COMPLEXITY OF ADDING ARROWS 47 375 350 325 Average number of weights 300 275 250 225 200 175 150 125 100 75 50 25 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Number of variables Fig.

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Bayesian Nets and Causality: Philosophical and Computational Foundations by Jon Williamson


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