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Extra info for A Retargetable C Compiler: Design and Implementation

Example text

1 EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH In order to reduce the metal and substrate induced losses, many research efforts have been aimed at modifying the device structure and/or the IC process to minimize losses. Using thick and more conductive metallization minimizes the low frequency losses whereas using a heavily resistive substrate along with a thick oxide layer minimizes the substrate losses. Naturally, using an oxide with a lower dielectric constant or eliminating the substrate entirely helps a great deal, as well.

Electromagnetically induced losses occur at much higher frequencies where the physical dimensions of the device approach the wavelength at the frequency of propagation in the medium of interest. This frequency is actually difficult to quantify due to the various propagation mechanisms of the substrate. 4. Schematic representation of substrate currents. Eddy currents are represented by the dashed lines and electrically induced currents by the solid lines. factor. Even at 10 GHz, the wavelength in air is 3 cm, much larger than any RF inductor or capacitor.

2000]. Current constriction, or skin effect, is non-uniform as a function of the location in the spiral due to the non-uniformity of the magnetic field. At low frequencies the current is nearly uniform whereas at high frequency non-uniform current flows due to proximity effects. The magnetic field is strongest in the center of the spiral [Craninckx and Steyaert, 1997] and thus the time-varying magnetic field produces eddy currents of greatest strength in the volume of conductors near the center of the device.

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